![]() ![]() ![]() This trend reached 90% in a subset based upon the urban hierarchy among global cities. Among our global cities sample, 75% served as the gateway through which COVID-19 was diffused within their respective countries. We demonstrate that most global cities followed a common pattern in the pace and intensity of COVID-19's spread during the first wave of the pandemic. ![]() To assess this transmission mechanism, we assembled data about the population and COVID-19 cases in global cities and their associated countries, comparing their infection rates on a fixed date. Our hypothesis is that global cities became the gateway by which COVID-19 was introduced to many countries through the hypermobility of infected international travelers. This article examines how mobility networks can turn global cities into Pandemic Gateways. For some countries, codes are defined for more than one level of subdivisions.The relationship between cities, globalization and mobility has produced recurring urban challenges over time. The second part is a string of up to three alphanumeric characters, which is usually obtained from national sources and stems from coding systems already in use in the country concerned, but may also be developed by the ISO itself.Įach complete ISO 3166-2 code can then be used to uniquely identify a country subdivision in a global context.Īs of 29 November 2022 there are 5,043 codes defined in ISO 3166-2.The first part is the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of the country.Each complete ISO 3166-2 code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen: The purpose of ISO 3166-2 is to establish an international standard of short and unique alphanumeric codes to represent the relevant administrative divisions and dependent territories of all countries in a more convenient and less ambiguous form than their full names. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 2: Country subdivision code. ISO 3166-2 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for identifying the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1. ![]()
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